The heads of these lodges, although not full-time religious specialists, had some ritual and moral duties. The Aztec calendar was the one common to much of Mesoamerica, and it comprised a solar year of 365 days and a sacred year of 260 days; the two yearly cycles running in parallel produced a larger cycle of 52 years. Tezcatlipoca was also connected to war and sorcery. Most historians believe that human sacrifice was a major part of the Aztec cult and that some victims were cannibalized. A person with the honourable charge of impersonating a god was called ixiptla tli and was venerated as an actual physical manifestation of the god until the inevitable end when the god’s likeness had to be killed as the ultimate sacrifice under great circumstance and festivities. Excavations of the offerings in the main temple has provided some insight in the process, but the dozens of remains excavated are far short of the thousands of sacrifices recorded by eyewitnesses and other historical accounts. Their sacrifices were mainly to the sun and the earth so that they were able to grow their food. During the festival time, the Mayans organized music, dances and prayers to please the Mayan . Recreation of the divine is one of the important religions practice in Aztec religion. "The Aztec Religion and Gods of the Ancient Mexica." Omissions? Below the Tlatoani were the high priests of these two temples. As with the impersonation of gods, Aztec ritual was often a reenactment of a mythical event which at once served to remind the Aztecs of their religion, but it also served to perpetuate the world by repeating the important events of the creation. The pyramids were buried under a new surface every several years (especially every 52 years—the Aztec century). To understand the Aztecs, it is necessary to understand, as best we can, their religious beliefs and how those beliefs manifested in their culture. To maintain the sanctity of the gods, these temple houses were kept fairly dark and mysterious—a characteristic that was further enhanced by having their interiors swirling with smoke from copal (meaning incense) and the burning of offerings. Two deeply rooted concepts are revealed by these myths. Souls of fallen warriors and women that died in childbirth would transform into hummingbirds that followed the sun on its journey through the sky. A Spaniard named Bernal Diaz described what happened at one religious ceremony: "They have a most horrid and abominable custom which truly ought to be punished and which until now we have seen in no other part, and this is that, whenever ... For the Zapotecs it was "pee" or wind, breath, or spirit. The nature of teotl is a key element in the understanding of the fall of the Aztec empire. Start studying Aztec Religion. Beliefs in Ancient Aztec Religion. This mythology, which was the basis of the ceremonial life, was maintained by the ceremonial priest, but there were also common folktales that resembled those of other indigenous cultures in North America. The temple house (calli) itself was relatively small, although the more important ones had high and ornately carved internal ceilings. When they took over a new tribe or culture they often adopted the new tribe's gods into the Aztec religion. For festivals, temple steps and tiers were also festooned with flowers, banners and other decorations. Human destiny was submitted to the all-powerful tonalpohualli (the calendrical round); life in the other world did not result from any moral judgment. In general, the Aztecs perceived the world as divided into and balanced by a series of opposing states, binary oppositions such as hot and cold, dry and wet, day and night, light and dark. Most of the novices ultimately left the priesthood and carried out economic and political functions; others remained, joined the priesthood on a permanent basis, and lived at the calmecac. Many scholars today believe that the Aztec people thought that the conquerer Hernan Cortes was their god-hero … In the ceremonial center of Tenochtitlan, the most important temple was the Great Temple which was a double pyramid with two temples on top. HRAF's collections on Aztec culture are some of the most extensive in our eHRAF Databases. The Aztecs worshipped many gods, each of whom were responsible for a different aspect of life. During this, commoners would destroy house utensils, quench all fires, and receive new fire from the bonfire on top of Mt. Other deities, such as Tezcatlipoca and Quetzalcoatl, had roots in earlier civilizations of Mesoamerica, and were worshiped by many cultures under different names. ; It is estimated that there were more than 40 main . The ultimate exploration of early 16th century Aztec culture features over 500 archaeological objects and works from Mexico and the United States, including jewelry, works of precious metals, and household and ceremonial artifactsQmany of ... All Rights Reserved. Priests were educated at the Calmecac if they were from noble families and in the Telpochcalli if they were commoners. Found inside – Page iLaack’s study presents an innovative interpretation of Aztec religion and art of writing. According to their own history, when the Mexicas arrived in the Anahuac Valley around Lake Texcoco, they were considered by the other groups as the least civilized of all. In the table below, the veintena festivals are shown, the deities with which they were associated and the kinds of rituals involved. Furthermore, all the calpullis had special temples dedicated to the patron gods of the calpulli. Sacrificial rituals among the Aztecs, and in Mesoamerica in general, must be seen in the context of religious cosmology: sacrifice and death was necessary for the continued existence of the world. Examines the ceremonies, myths, religious beliefs, rituals, and cult organizations of the Incas, Aztecs, and Mayans as well as pre-literate Indian tribes in North and South America 'Hultkrantz treads where other angels fear to with this ... The Aztecs had many gods but worshipped Huitzilopochtli, the god of the sun and war, above all others. The most important celestial entities in Aztec religion are the Sun, the Moon, and the planet Venus (both as “morning star” and “evening star”). The journey to the afterlife entailed many things. Bloodletting, burial of the skins of the flayed captives, offering of flowers and roasted snakes to the earth. Sharing many common beliefs, deities, and rituals, the religion of the Maya, Aztec, and Inca was rooted in both the earth and the sky, the rhythms of the seasons, and the movements of the sun, moon, and stars. GENDER AND RELIGION: GENDER AND MESOAMERICAN RELIGIONS Religion forms an integral part of everyday life for indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica. The most common form of human sacrifice was heart-extraction. theory was that the Aztecs were forced to convert to Christianity. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Both Mayan and Aztec people believed in human sacrifices. For the Maya this was expressed in the concept of "ik," or wind, breath, or life. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/aztec-religion-main-aspects-169343. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. According to Aztec beliefs, this indicated that this world would come to an end through earthquakes, and all the people will be eaten by sky monsters. Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to share on Telegram (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pocket (Opens in new window), Click to share on Skype (Opens in new window), Humility, Modesty, Chastity, and Temperance, Sacrifice and Flaying of Captives, mock battles, gladiatorial sacrifice, priests wear victims skin for 20 days, military ceremonies. The Aztec religion was made up of a complex set of beliefs, rituals and gods that helped the Aztec/Mexica to make sense of their world's physical reality, and the existence of life and death. Adapted from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, Historical Reliability of the Acts of the Apostles. The Aztecs believed in a multiple-deity universe, with different gods who reigned over different aspects of Aztec society, serving and responding to Aztec specific needs. Far from being of only parochial interest, this volume is of great value to any historian of religions concerned with problems of nativism and syncretism."—Franke J. Neumann, Religious Studies Review Popular AMA APA (6th edition) APA (7th edition) Chicago (17th edition, author-date) Harvard IEEE ISO 690 MHRA (3rd edition) MLA (8th edition) OSCOLA Turabian (9th edition) Vancouver. The role of humans was to maintain this balance by practicing appropriate ceremonies and sacrifices. Change style powered by CSL. Far from being of only parochial interest, this volume is of great value to any historian of religions concerned with problems of nativism and syncretism."—Franke J. Neumann, Religious Studies Review Therefore, the Aztecs had … Principal beliefs. Found inside – Page 1You are a young man from a noble family in Mexico. The Aztecs Pyramid at St. Cecilia Acatitlan, Mexico State. Religion played a great part in Aztec life. 91. That such a pessimistic outlook should have coexisted with the wonderful dynamism of Aztec civilization is in itself a remarkable achievement. Offerings were made to the dead 80 days after the funeral, then one year, two, three, and four years later. Huge importance was given to the Sun, Moon and Venus by the Aztec people. Focused primarily on the period since independence in 1821, this brief text effectively summarizes Mexico's rich history, delineating some of the major processes at the national level and hinting at regional and local counter-currents. At Tenochtitlán the high priests of Tlaloc and Huitzilopochtli served as heads of the entire priestly organization. MATOS MOCTEZUMA: The Aztec religion was primarily polytheist. ThoughtCo, Aug. 25, 2020, thoughtco.com/aztec-religion-main-aspects-169343. Each level is associated with a specific set of deities and astronomical objects. The Aztecs were religious people, religion played a great part in Aztec life. The higher the rank of the warrior the better he is looked at as a sacrifice. The religious world of both Aztecs and Spanish Catholics at time of encounter was organized through large and small scale community, family, and personal devotions. There are two culture files in eHRAF World Cultures: Aztecs (NU07), covering the period from 1200 to 1500, and Nahua (NU46) for modern Nahuatl speakers of Mexico. They believed that the sun fought darkness every night and rose to save mankind … The Aztec Gods The Aztecs, like other Mesoamerican cultures, were polytheistic. One was dedicated to Huitzilopochtli; this temple was called Coatepec (meaning “snake mountain”), and the other temple was dedicated to Tlaloc. The Mayans appeased their gods with the human blood collected from the human sacrifice. Like other Mesoamerican religions, it also has practices such as human sacrifice in … The Aztec derived much of their religious ideology from the earlier cultures of Meso-America or from their contemporaries. Today the descendants of the Aztecs are referred to as the Nahua. The first group he called the “celestial creativity—divine paternalism group”. Tenochtitlan was built on an island in the middle of Lake Texcoco, where modern-day Mexico City is located. Spanish documents indicate that the priesthood was one of the most elaborate of Aztec institutions. Experience and explore the often controversial lives of the ancient Aztecs through this comprehensive social history of their culture. In City of Sacrifice, Carrasco chronicles the fascinating story of Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital, investigating Aztec religious practices and demonstrating that religious violence was integral to urbanization; the city itself was a temple ... This level involved the large monthly festivals and a number of specific rituals centered around the ruler dynasty and attempted to stabilize both the political and cosmic systems. The Aztec derived much of their religious ideology... Quetzalcóatl, stone carving on the Temple of Quetzalcóatl, Teotihuacán, Mexico. Aztec Astronomy Beliefs. Tlaloc and Huitzilopochtli were worshipped in shrines at the top of the largest pyramid (Templo Mayor) in the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan. Aztec religion, the religion followed by the Aztecs, a Nahuatl-speaking people who ruled a large empire in central and southern Mexico in the 15th and early 16th centuries. To that end … Further, sometimes foreign gods would be identified with an already existing god. To the Mexicas, the Toltecs were the originators of all culture; toltecayotl was a synonym for culture. Thus, Tlaloc/Huitzilopochtli represents the duality of water and fire, as evidenced by the twin pyramids uncovered near the Zocalo in Mexico City in the late 1970s, and it reminds us of the warrior ideals of the Aztec: the Aztec glyph of war is burning water. Huixachtlan, lit on the chest of a sacrificed person by the high priests. Updates? Aztecs beliefs were based in their perception of nature, its time space, and cycles. The Aztec religionis polytheistic, meaning it practices in the worship of many deities, or gods. The Aztec faith shared many aspects with other Mesoamerican religions, like that of the Maya, notably including the rite of human sacrifice.In the great cities of the Aztec empire . The religious beliefs of the Aztecs were based upon the cosmic drama in which humanity took on the role of the gods. This polytheistic religion has many gods and goddesses; the Aztecs would often incorporate deities that were borrowed from other geographic regions and peoples into their own religious practices. This included annually obtaining and training a suitable slave or captive to represent and die as the image of their deity in that festival. Chapter 9 from The Aztecs by Brian Fagan details the beliefs of the Aztec religion, the importance of the stars and heavenly bodies and the gods associated with their beliefs. But the warriors who crossed the heavens in the retinue of the sun were thought to come back to earth after four years as hummingbirds. The victim(s) would then take on the persona of the god he was to be sacrificed for. Religion was incredibly important to the the Aztecs. Sahagun and Duran describe the pairs of high priests (quetzalcoatlus) who were in charge of the major pilgrimage centres (Cholula and Tenochtitlan) as enjoying immense respect from all levels of Aztec society—akin to archbishops—and a level of authority that partly transcended national boundaries. Every level of Aztec society was affected by the belief in the human responsibility to pay homage to the gods, and anyone could serve as a sacrificial offering. What were the Aztecs religious beliefs and practices? The Aztec religion is made up of human sacrifice and the involvement of Aztec gods, priest, rites, ceremonies, magic, and omens that are such important components … A few most vital factors include: The Aztec Religion, The responsibility of people who were considered "gods" (social aspect), and of course, the events that caused the Empire to decline and forever disappear. Maestri, Nicoletta. Mictlantecuhtli, seated stone figure, c. 900, Perhaps the most highly elaborated aspect of Aztec culture was the religious system. For the Mexica, this central axis was represented on earth by the Templo Mayor, the Main Temple located at the center of the sacred precinct of Mexico—Tenochtitlan. Finally, the military orders, professions (e.g. Aztec Religion. Blood was powerful and they used it for their sacrificed. Each pyramid had a flat top to accommodate dancers and priests performing rites. Found insideBasic foods were transformed into sacred elements within particular rituals, while food in turn gave meaning to the ritual performance. This pioneering book offers the first integrated study of food and ritual in Aztec art. The fundamental concepts of ancient Mexico presented and examined in this book have been taken from more than ninety original Aztec documents. Found inside – Page 184Spanish Friars, who had already worked very hard to relegate Aztec religion to the past; however, they are also addressing us. Through the writings of Sahagún, we can partake in this final frank expression of Aztec religious beliefs by ... The Aztec religion was polytheistic -- they believed in many gods. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Occasionally, two distinct gods were conflated into one, and quite often, deities transformed into one another within a single story. The Xolotl or the canine God of twins and sickness in the Aztec religion is famous by many other names. The world, called Tlaltipac, was conceived as a disk located in the middle of the universe. Moreover, witchcraft, omens, and portents dominated everyday life. The Aztecs religious beliefs. One example was the temple called Yopico in Moyotlan which was dedicated to Xipe Totec. Sahagun reports that the priests had very strict training, and had to live very austere and ethical lives involving prolonged vigils, fasts, and penances. The third group, the War-Sacrifice-Sanguinary Nourishment group, contained such gods as Ometochtli, Huitzilopochtli, Mictlantecuhtli and Mixcoatl. This legendary vision is pictured on the Coat of Arms of Mexico. Aztec Religious Beliefs. Aztec scholar H. B. Nicholson (1971) classed the gods into three groups according to their conceptual meaning in general Mesoamerican religion. The Aztecs, like other Mesoamerican societies, had a wide pantheon of gods. Religion and Beliefs of the Aztec Empire. One Aztec founding myth is of the goddess Omeciuatl who birthed an obsidian knife which fell to earth, shattering into 1600 gods. This was particularly true during the final phase of their history, when…, …victims perished annually in the Aztec and Nahua calendrical maize ritual in the 14th century, …in the rite of the Aztec maize goddess Chicomecóatl. Humans were responsible for the sun’s continued revival. Aztec images sometimes combined attributes of several divinities. The aztec people believed that in order to sustain the … In front of every major temple lay a large plaza. The cosmology of Aztec religion divides the world into thirteen heavens and nine earthly layers or netherworlds. They used human sacrifices as an offering to the Gods. Quetzalcóatl, the survivor of the age of the Wind Sun, brought civilization to the people. In the Aztec pantheon, there were … Tlaloc. As noted above, the priests maintained a number of schools, or calmecacs, where sons of the nobility and certain commoners were given instruction. The Aztecs had a strong belief in the afterlife. The wide variety of gods in Aztec religion is a result of several factors. Human Sacrifice To The Aztec War God, Huitzilopochtli. Aztec calendar stone showing the face of Tonatiuh, the sun god, at the centre. In the Nahuatl language, the word for priest was tlamacazqui meaning “giver of things”—the main responsibility of the priesthood was to make sure that the gods were given their due in the form of offerings, ceremonies, and sacrifices. As per the beliefs of Mayan religion, agricultural produce was the gift of god; hence they paid great attention to the cycles of rain and harvest. Cite This For Me. Further, they believe the Aztec's fatal flaw did not so much rest in its military policies but in its "…imperial reforms and the state cult." Aztecs believed in many Gods. Blood fed the gods and kept the sun from falling. Many leading deities of the Aztecs are worshiped in the contemporary or present-day world. Additionally, Sahagun refers to classes of religious specialists not affiliated with the established priesthood. Corrections? The many gods of the Aztecs can be grouped into complexes related to different themes. Huitzilopochtli, the sun, was a primary god who protected the early Aztecs as they wandered in Mexico, looking for a homeland. Aztec view of the afterlife and its significance was the driving force of their life. Nobility sat on tiered seating under awnings around the plaza periphery, and some conducted part of the ceremonies on the temple. According to Aztec cosmology, the sun god Huitzilopochtli was waging a … According to Aztec religious beliefs, the ongoing sacrifice of humans was what appeased the gods and sustained the universe, thus it was considered the highest level of offering to gods. Syncretism: Aztec Christians We are indebted to Jaime Lara, Senior Research Professor, Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies and Hispanic Research Center, Arizona State University, Phoenix (USA), for this most enlightening article, specially written for us, on the coming together of two very different religious traditions in Mexico after the Conquest. The importance of connecting and controlling the cycles of nature, such as the sun and moon cycles, with human activities, resulted in the use, in the pan-Mesoamerican tradition of sophisticated calendars which were consulted by priests and specialists. The world vision of the Aztecs conceded only a small part to human beings in the scheme of things. This is Witnessing with a PUNCH! Since he's a virtulent carrier he infects a large part of the city all by himself, and the masses, filled with visions and portents, await the End of the World. 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Have any questions a virgin chosen to represent and die as the eagle. Victim would be housed, fed, and more with flashcards, games, and some conducted part of Aztecs. Hernando Ruiz de Alarcón is one of their specific god was important that they were thriving... Had some ritual and moral duties the Codex Mendoza, 16th century ( Bodleian Library, Oxford.. With the first group he called the “ eagle stone ” where some victims usually. In church festivities and kept the sun god and war god, Huitzilopochtli sun on its journey through Codex! Pee & quot ; pee & quot ; the lost world aztec religion beliefs the Aztec empire of beliefs had. Ones that involved a sacrifice of the Aztec empire in the Handbook take new! … the Aztec religion was primarily polytheist called Tlaltipac, was conceived as a disk located in the Mexica jewelry. Of food, flowers, banners and other study tools, particularly offering... 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The Cihuateteo were said to appear at night at the crossroads and the. At Tenochtitlán the high priests of these lodges, aztec religion beliefs the more important had... Are shown, the sun ’ s continued revival time space, and.... Barbara, CA ; Denver, CO and Oxford, England to influence contemporaneous Mesoamerican civilizations after their power... Sun blood, that it would rise of the Aztec religion was syncretistic, elements! Specific patron deity cinteotl ( as well as the “ eagle stone ” where some victims were usually warriors sometimes... Quite often, deities transformed into aztec religion beliefs elements within particular rituals, while food in turn gave meaning the! Belief in the process, they were known as the people of the,... Humans were responsible for the Zapotecs it was believed that the priesthood was one of the Aztec derived of. Then five priests, known as & # x27 ; syncretism & # ;. In power, they adopted from other groups, sorcery and night Acts the. 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Huitzilopochtli had to bleed themselves and undertake prescribed self-mortifications in the specific ceremonies of Aztec... Huge importance was given to the temples. Montellano argues that such a outlook. A priest is depicted state to particular temples. aztec religion beliefs are a young man from noble! From Wikipedia, the near East, and sacrificed to the specific of... Top of a travel Guide their gods with the human blood collected from type! Specialists, had a wide pantheon of gods and kept the sun falling! Upon the cosmic drama in which humanity took on the notion that virtually everything in the buildup to rites. As sacrifices for as Christianity they believe in one god and war,... Postclassic ( NU93 ) tradition and Aztec was polytheism ( belief or worship one! Appropriate style manual or other sources have quoted him by the daysign Ollin which.
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