The sizes of the codes (e.g., lines of code, loc) were approximate estimates by the code teams. Comparative case studies involve the analysis and synthesis of the similarities, differences and patterns across two or more cases that share a common focus or goal in a way that produces knowledge that is easier to generalize about causal questions – how and why … Social practices analysis is strongest on the importance of causal and normative beliefs in guiding actor choices, and in beginning to identify the mechanisms of deliberation and learning through which those beliefs are maintained or changed. Rokkan and Scheuch sought to describe and understand the movement toward a united Europe. It is also acknowledged by the growing attention paid among both rational choice and social practices theorists to the ways in which international institutions are affected by and affect domestic realignments that create new constituencies for environmental policies or alter the balance between existing constituencies. The first, Miawpukek First Nation, is a Mi’kmaq community on the island of Newfoundland that resembles a self-governing community in terms of policy but has no formal agreement. The financially largest of the data archives, the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (formerly ICPR), had in 2000 an annual budget of almost $7 million that was about equally divided between (a) income from grants and contracts and (b) income from tuition and annual dues paid by more than 350 institutions. Urban anthropologists and humanists are finding in data archives information about values, knowledge, and mass culture that was previously unavailable to them. The management was then able to recognize that several (but not all) of these “younger” projects were actually making very good progress compared to “normal” code development rates and had very high potential for producing successful codes that would give the whole program substantially improved tools. Without a verification and validation program for the codes and their applications, there is no reason to believe that the code results have any validity at all. Two of the projects eventually were successful in meeting later milestones after they had more development time. Partly motivated by the case studies, the program management then developed a more realistic schedule for code development, placed more emphasis on the needs of the users and provided better support for the code teams. Many, if not most, code development efforts fail to meet their initial objectives, and many fail completely. These configurations become the rows in a ‘truth table,’ and each row configuration is sequentially applied to an outcome with r categories (e.g., successful vs. unsuccessful outcome). The major risk factors for software projects are [72]: Uncertain goals, objectives and requirements; Inadequate resources and support, including an overly ambitious schedule; Institutional turmoil, including too much employee turnover; Requirements and goals that change too rapidly or increase too fast; and, Non-delivery of essential components from outside contract organizations. Funding for these operations varies widely in scale and stability. But because theories are almost inevitably affected by the culturally acquired frames of reference of researchers, the process of testing implications should be done by at least two ‘ethnographers’ who are foreign to and native to the culture in which the case occurs. The process of triangulation among observers (ethnographers) can be expanded to include two (or more) cases. EDUCATION IN DESEGREGATION: COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY OF THE DESEGREGATION OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN MISSISSIPPI by Elam Miller A thesis submitted to the faculty of The University of Mississippi in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College. Teams, not organizations or processes, develop software. Twenty-one (66%) were cross-sectional, suggesting a risk of recall bias where participants’ perceptions of the outcomes may have influenced their perceptions of the preceding intervention. Such codes are a waste of resources and the efforts of creative people. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. The nature of comparative case studies may be explored from the intersection of comparative and case study approaches. The value of the code to the user is the physics capability of the code. The private sector saw its polling data as integral to the functioning of modern democracies and held that understanding public opinion was crucial for a free society. Oxford May 2019 Approved by _____ You will understand the nature of values that reinforce them, were central in the success july. It is a good way to encourage change and to get the team members to see how other groups and industries tackle their problems. Thesis Approval Form The viva-voce of the PhD Thesis submitted by Shri Gajera Alpeshkumar Chandulal (Enrollment No. The first stream of work has highlighted such considerations as the greater difficulty of regulating large numbers of actors, each creating a small part of the problem, than a small number, each creating a significant part of it; the different opportunities for particular governments to regulate depending on whether those involved in an activity move from place to place (as in shipping) or remain in one place (as in mining); the impact of linkage or separation between costs and benefits of better environmental practice (for instance, the great difficulty of securing cooperation from upstream or upwind polluters); and the influence of changing cost–benefit ratios of environmentally superior action as new technology is developed or regulations alter the relative cost of continuing old rather than adopting new forms of activity. We do not mean the development of more powerful mathematical techniques and algorithms. For reasons of anonymity, we have identified the projects with birds [43]. 7. The second stream, drawing strongly on economic theories of property rights regimes, provision of collective goods and government regulation of markets (e.g., Sandler 1997, Symes 1998), has identified the distinct regulatory challenges posed by different types of situations. There is also a substantial level of usage by journalists, policy analysts, and citizens. Joseph W. Elder, in Encyclopedia of Social Measurement, 2005. M.J. Peterson, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. (7)). Detailed requirements are difficult to develop for scientific codes, but it is crucial to develop some requirements to anchor schedules and requirements. When quasi-experimental research is not possible, modus operandi methods (see Scriven 1975) may be appropriate for making causal inferences in specific contexts. Time required to complete a project and average code team size as a function of code capability measured in function points. There are no formal rules for evaluating comparative case studies, but reasonable criteria against which studies can be assessed do exist. To write a good compare-and-contrast paper, you must take your raw data—the similarities and differences you've observed—and make them cohere into a meaningful argument. The Tern project was started over 30 years ago and was included for comparison and normalization. The comparative case study examines in rich detail the context and features of two or more instances of specific phenomena. When to do a case study. Training also provides an opportunity for code team members to share experiences with the rest of the team and with other teams. The included studies represented a range of countries and settings that reported on different levels of success or failure. Table VIII lists the size of the code in function points, the time estimated by Eq. There is as yet little consensus on how these factors, singly or in combination, contribute to success or failure. The intriguing variety of strategies for organizing comparison means that this approach to understanding will continue to be a vital part of human–environment scholarship. Qualitative Comparative Case Study Analysis. The rate limiting process for code development is the rate at which people can analyze problems and develop solutions. C.G. The second is to recognize the pattern of causes that constitutes a modus operandi—modus refers to the pattern, while operandi refers to specific and ‘real’ causes. Table VIII. library case study ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER The Architecture of the campus incorporates variation of scale that in turn is an expression of … Even though you may think that the ideal structure for effective code development might be radically different from the existing organization and culture, radical, changes imposed too rapidly will disrupt whatever is working, and likely will not lead to success. In the case study, the NLP and GDP frameworks yield similar solutions; however, the NLP framework using bypass streams requires fewer nonlinear function evaluations compared to the GDP solution, but a robust initialization scheme was necessary. In general, good records were not available. Each of these involves pattern matching. Our analysis of the historical data indicated that it takes about 8 years to develop a code with the initial level of capability needed to meet the requirements. While these campaigns also received criticism, they each were, nonetheless, effective at making an impact on social media and achieving campaign goals. Because of potentially sensitive information being obtained from individuals through such qualitative methodologies, sociologists engaged in primary research are often required to conform to certain ethical standards, including the informed consent of the participants and their own guarantees of record destruction to protect the anonymity of individuals. Poor judgment about the technical feasibility of candidate approaches and methods for meeting the requirements (cf. The requirements for a weapons code are determined by the physics necessary to simulate a nuclear weapon. Further methodologies can include phrase-completion exercises, recording “natural” conversations, forming focus groups, and conducting various types of observations (structured and unstructured, participant and nonparticipant, obtrusive and unobtrusive) of individuals' behavior. In order to design a comparative study, abstracts are collected from universities (i) with a guideline in Turkey (ii) without a guideline in Turkey and (iii) with a guideline in the USA. For social practices theorists successful international environmental cooperation is not a matter of altering incentives while leaving interests unchanged, but of altering beliefs so definitions of interest will be changed. The development of large, complex technical codes is inherently very risky. Codes that customers, especially the users, do not want to use are like experiments that do not take data or equipment that people do not use. Although debates went on between those who preferred a more theoretical political science and those who preferred a more professional, government- and citizen-focused political science, the central methodological assumption of both parties emphasized measurement, with natural science providing the ideal model. The Central Archive for Empirical Social Research (ZA), based at the University of Cologne in the former West Germany, was next in 1960, followed in 1962 by the Steinmetz Archive in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and the Inter-university Consortium for Political Research (ICPR), at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Qualitative research is also sometimes used in pilot studies and the early stages of inquiry, when research problems and relevant variables are being initially identified. In addition, their morale will increase in proportion to the support of their management. Because good records were not kept, it was also difficult to account for staff who worked on the code project but were part of other organizations. Sometimes you will be determined by a study case comparative is what a theoretical foundation for studies concerned with investigating language in science teaching, 31(1), 212 268. There is no comparable North American organization, although in the 1960s there was the Council of Social Science Data Archives. For the conceptual design of distillation columns, both NLP and GDP frameworks are available, and a comparative case study was presented in this work. Interviewing is one of the principal methodologies of qualitative research. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767041954, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0123693985002048, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444642417501397, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128169582000137, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0123693985002875, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767007567, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065245805660068, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B008043076700019X, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767041826, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1386505614000446, Human–Environment Relationship: Comparative Case Studies, International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 13th International Symposium on Process Systems Engineering (PSE 2018), Jaffer H. Ghouse, ... David C. Miller, in, Heather J. Hether, Christopher Calabrese, in, Douglass E. Post, ... Robert F. Lucas, in, ] widely used by the IT industry. (6)–(8)). With regards to the GRADE ratings (supplementary file 3), four comparative qualitative studies [35–38] were rated up to moderate quality because they showed large effect sizes or very different outcomes. A comparative case study approach involves the analysis and synthesis of similarities, differences and pathways across two or more cases that share a … Eight (25%) were comparative case studies and three of these (9%) used a longitudinal observational design. Here, institutions can be used to increase the likelihood of cooperative action by augmenting the flow of information about actor preferences and behavior, providing possibilities of reducing discontent about differences in costs or benefits through concessions on related issues, or reducing transaction costs by substituting group discussions for one on one bargaining. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. IFDO provides for cooperation among the archives and has been of material assistance in assisting nascent archives, particularly by providing technical and organizational assistance to new archivists in developing countries. All items in Research Commons are provided for private study and research purposes and are protected by copyright with all rights reserved unless otherwise indicated. A comparative case study is a research approach to formulate or assess generalizations that extend across multiple cases. By the beginning of the 1970s several more European countries had data archives. Social practices analysts expect greater cooperation on environmental problems when governments (and other actors) adopt an ecological worldview, accept protection of the biosphere as a distinct policy goal, redefine government responsibility and sound business practice to include fostering ecologically sustainable forms of human activity, and include effects on the biosphere among the criteria for judging the merits of alternate economic and social policy measures. Yin (2004) has described case study methodology as a distinctive means of empirical enquiry particularly European archives are organized more closely under the Council of European Social Science Data Archives (CESSDA), which has provided a basis for cooperative planning and execution of projects, technical assistance, and training. The code team and management must focus on providing what the customer both needs and wants. Kevin G. Barnhurst, in Encyclopedia of Social Measurement, 2005. The new methodologies should be tested in a way that does not add to the risks of important projects, and be adopted only when the methods have proved their worth. Moreover, future directions for both the research and practice of health promotion on social media are identified. Table VII. Insights into the impact of material conditions and the possible roles of institutions in facilitating negotiation and implementation of agreements have been developed in two ways, by looking at particular features of activity and by classifying problems into broad types posing distinct cooperative challenges because of the way in which actor calculations of self-interest intersect in interaction. However, this failure may cause management to take actions that punish rather than help the code team, and thus contribute to the failure of the entire project. These case studies helped persuade the program’s senior management that the “younger” code teams (those started less than 8 years before the milestone) deserved a second chance. If the simulations could be used to make accurate predictions, then the US would not have to carry out an expensive, lengthy and dangerous experimental program to empirically certify the required capability. If the code cannot provide the user with a needed capability, the user cannot solve the problem that justified the code development project. Comparative case study definition for essay question paper ias 2013 Another trend has study comparative case definition develop, developed recently. In this view, institutions serve primarily to define legitimate and illegitimate courses of conduct, facilitate socialization of actors into their roles, facilitate actor engagement in learning about particular situations, and promote joint deliberation about the content of the shared social beliefs and norms. Heather J. Hether, Christopher Calabrese, in Technology and Health, 2020. All models have shortcomings and often exhibit mistakes in their implementation. In this model, the required schedule and average team size are determined by the Function Point (FP) count (Eqs. The schedule cannot be fixed independently of the requirements, a fact long appreciated by the IT industry [48,74] but not adequately taken into account in the early planning for the whole program. Without them, projects will fail and the needed applications will not be developed. For improving software quality, it is more successful to convince the teams that each individual practice adds value (configuration management, etc.) The quantitative analysis was a key element in establishing that these code projects had not been given a consistent set of requirements, resources and schedules. Quantification spread so extensively that recent case-study-methods books focus on quantitative procedures rather than on qualitative processes or interpretation. Improving the physics is risky enough. This openstax book is available for free at cnx. The range of policy solutions suggested for single countries, ranging from central government ‘command and control’ measures to ‘market-based measures’ resting on conducive property rights, taxation and regulatory regimes, can work across borders only if governments cooperate quite closely. B in what did the iphone had ipod capability built in. The project manager must be able to control the resources and the team, and have the active support of senior management. Modus Operandi Analysis. The program was launched in 1996 with the goal to develop the predictive simulation capability required to certify an important capability of the federal government. Dunn, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. In the first case, we identified a study as cross-curricular comparative if it compared the results of curriculum A with curriculum B. Single case studies vs. multiple case studies: A comparative study Johanna Gustafsson Academy of Business, Engineering and Science Halmstad University Halmstad, Sweden Keywords: Case study, single case study, multiple case studies Paper type: Literature review ABSTRACT There are several different definitions and kinds of case studies. Yet, as rational choice analysts have noticed, this cooperation is hindered because governments (and other actors) have a strong stake in continuing to use the regulatory scheme with which they are already familiar. Judith newman if youre not a real womens lib heroine would probably not the eastwest question; it is one of the united states were protective of their relationship with politics. Developing improved code development methods is very important and deserves support and emphasis. This interpretive, qualitative comparative case study identifies why each organization decided to use Bebo, what it intended to achieve, whether Bebo helped each organization to achieve its goals and objectives, and the challenges and opportunities for developing authentic and interactive dialogue faced by each organization with its intended public. Introduce change with clearly defined goals in an evolutionary fashion. Through addressing these matters current international environmental accords reflect greater concern for developing common information about the environmental problem and fostering joint deliberation regarding standards for proper conduct. Innovative platform for health promotion on Social media are identified government science or agencies! Code development methods is very important and deserves support and emphasis studies by the beginning the! Development efforts fail to meet their initial objectives on time m conditions, logical files and interfaces 74,78... 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